( found this funny piece by Jessica Zafra).
A couple of weeks ago I heard two random pieces of information that stuck in my head.
The first was that Spain, like Greece and some other European nations, is in the grip of a recession and its unemployment rate is a shocking 25 percent.
The second was that the Philippines is now a creditor nation. We've lent a billion dollars to the International Monetary Fund. The international media has noted that while many economies are struggling, ours is doing pretty well. Pundits say the Philippines is one of the breakout economies of the next decade, and "Asia's perennial underachiever is outperforming."
Then it occurred to me that these two random bits may be connected. They need money, we have money, their real estate prices are plummeting...
Let's buy Spain.
1. We can afford it.
1.1. Thanks to our Army of World Domination - the overseas Filipino workers who send money home every month - we've got funds.
1.1.1. They laughed at us because we were willing to take the jobs they didn't want to do in their own countries. Some of them even used "Filipina" as a synonym for maid/domestic helper.
1.1.2. They made fun of us because we welcomed the call centers and BPOs to take the jobs they didn't want in their own countries. "Oh look at the cute brown people who have American accents."
1.1.3. How's your sense of humor coming along?
1.2. After the Spanish-American War, Spain sold us to the United States for about two bucks a head for a total of 20 million dollars. So there is a precedent for one country buying another, and Spain set it.
1.2.1. Nobody asked the people of the Philippines how they felt about being sold to the US. I guess they figured that since the turn of the century Filipinos were busy overthrowing their Spanish colonial rulers, they wouldn't mind switching "owners".
1.2.2. Ah, so you owned us. Haha!
1.2.3. Here's a useful guide for pricing: According to this inflation calculator, 20,000,000 in 1898 dollars is now about $555,555,555.56.
1.2.4. Obviously we'd have to negotiate the final price, but it sounds feasible.
2. We have a history.
2.1. Of course Greece and Iceland seem nice, but we don't have the kind of history with them that we do with Spain. I mean, you can't just shrug off 333 years of colonial rule.
2.2. This is a great opportunity to redress historical grievances. Not just the history of the Philippines but the history of imperialism, colonialism, clerico-fascism, etc.
2.3. The Philippines shook off the Spanish yoke over a century ago, but colonial mentality has not been eradicated. This sudden reversal of roles would be like shock therapy, zapping Filipinos' feelings of inferiority instantly.
2.4. Oye, mestizos.
3. As the owner of Spain, we would not only enjoy unimpeded visa-free travel to that country, we could opt for...hang onto your seats...European Union citizenship.
3.1. We could give ourselves EU passports so we wouldn't have to line up for Schengen visas or visas to most countries ever again!
3.1.1. Ever ever again! (Add maniacal laughter here.)
3.1.2. Since we're not petty, we'll grant Spanish citizens fast-track visa application procedures so they can get their Philippine visas in four weeks.
3.2. Naturally we'd take over the highest levels of the Spanish government and institutions, but leave the day-to-day operations to them. We're not crazy.
3.2.1. Will the director of the Museo del Prado kindly send Las Meninas by Diego Velazquez to my house immediately.
3.2.2. Inform Pedro Almodovar that we have an idea for a movie.
4. Given our talent for soaking up languages (As my friend Guillermo Ramos says, "Nausukan lang ng tambucho ng British Airways, nagka-English accent na") - exposure to so many native speakers would have us speaking Spanish fluently in a month.
4.1. Then we can finally read Jose Rizal's novels in their original form,
4.2. As well as many of the most important documents in our history.
4.3. Paradoxically, learning to speak the language of our former colonizer would enable us to deal with the issues of national identity that vex us to this day.
5. We would own the reigning Futbol World Cup, UEFA European Football and Davis Cup (tennis) champion teams.
5.1. As Filipino citizens, their best players would now be qualified to represent the Philippines in international competitions. I'm sure the Azkals would not mind sharing the field with Iniesta, Xavi or Silva.
5.2. Nadal, Verdasco, Ferrer could give the Philippine Davis Cup team a boost.
5.2.1. Did you know that Dwight Davis, the man for whom the Davis Cup is named, was governor-general of the Philippines from 1929-32?
5.2.2. Rafa, I'm a Federer fanatic myself, but I have some friends who are dying to meet you.
5.3. Our racing, cycling, rugby and basketball teams would also get a boost.
6. Regarding the unemployment problem in Spain: we are certain that many young Spanish would find jobs quickly in the Philippines.
6.1. Say no more. We understand better than anyone the reasons people leave their countries and families to seek economic opportunity abroad.
6.2. Speaking to the Financial Times, the head of Brasil Investimentos and Negócios said, "There is such high unemployment in Spain and Portugal, they should send their people over here [to Brazil] to get work – they can work and then send money back home [to Europe] and then go home themselves after 10 years!" Well lots of Brazilians come here to find work. Come over, we'll find something for you to do.
6.3. Filipinos have no problem working in the service industries or living in the homes of foreigners and raising their children. In times of need we can't be too picky. Interestingly enough, the word muchacho/muchacha has been part of Pinoy lingo for a long time, though the last time I heard it was in a movie where Bella Flores or Zeny Zabala was oppressing the maid.
Sunday, July 29, 2012
Thursday, July 26, 2012
Phil History Lecture Notes Continuation
B. Assimilation accomplished in a peaceful manner
C. Nature of the Reform Movement
The reformists (propagandists) believed in the power of words and not of the
sword to achieve their purpose
There was NO clamor for independence; the reformists believed that the
Filipinos would be better off if they were to become Spanish Citizens.
As Spanish Citizens:
1. Representation in the Spanish Cortes: Filipinos could propose and participate
in the approval of laws beneficial to the country.
2. Immunity from abuses
3. Freedom from paying unreasonable taxes.
D. The Great Reformists
Only a few of the sons of the wealthy Filipinos that went to Spain joined the
Propaganda Movement
They were those who were concerned of their country
Graciano Lopez-Jaena
The GREAT ORATOR
Wrote FRAY BOTOD which deals with the ignorance, abuses and immorality of a
friar named Botod
Founded the La Solidaridad (Sol)
Marcelo Hilario del Pilar
The Political Analyst of the Filipino Colony in Spain
Founded the Diariong Tagalog
Dec. 1889, he took over the editorship of the Sol and became the moving spirit
behind the Reform Movement
Dr. Jose Rizal
National Hero
Wrote his first poem at age 8
Wrote two great novels: Noli and Fili
Died as a martyr in Bagumbayan
E. La Solidaridad
The Official Organ of the Reform Movement
The paper was dedicated to:
Expose the conditions in the Philippines;
Defend the Filipinos against malicious and slanderous attacks of the hired writers
of the friars; and
Publish studies about the Philippines and the Filipinos
In writing for the Sol, the Reformists used pen names for obvious reasons:
1. JOSE RIZAL: Dimas Alang; Laong Laan
2. MARIANO PONCE: Tikbalang; Naning; Kalipulako
3. ANTONIO LUNA: Taga-ilog
4. MH del PILAR: Plaridel
5. JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN: Jomapa
Accomplishments of the Sol:
It represented the ideals of the Filipino Reformist Group;
It exposed the evils in the Philippine Society;
It belied the claim that Filipinos had no civilization before the coming of
Spaniards.
F. Hispano-Filipino Association
Composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who favored the granting of reforms in the
colony.
To make the propaganda work effective, the society was divided into 3 sections:
The POLITICAL Section under M.H. del Pilar
The LITERARY Section under Mariano Ponce
The SPORTS Section under Tomas Arejola
They believed that the reforms needed in the Philippines were:
The compulsory teaching of Spanish in all schools;
The suppression of inhuman punishment in all jails and tribunals of justice;
The establishment of a civil registrar and the register of deeds;
The abolition of unfair taxes;
The establishment of secondary schools in the archipelago;
Reforms in UST in order to raise it to the rank of the universities in Spain;
The establishment of agricultural banks;
The initiation of reforms in the public administration; and
The construction of good roads and railways.
G. La Liga Filipina
A civic society founded by Rizal
Aims:
To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous and homogenous
body;
Mutual protection in every want and necessity;
Defense against all violence and injustice;
Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and commerce;
Study and application of reforms.
At first the Liga was quite active. Bonifacio in particular exerted great efforts to
organize chapters in various districts of Manila.
A few months later, however, the Supreme Council of the Liga dissolved the
society.
The reformist leaders found out that most of the councils were no longer willing
to send funds to the Madrid propagandists
This was because they had become convinced that peaceful agitation for
reforms was futile.
The Liga membership split into two groups:
Cuerpo de Compromisarios:
the conservatives which pledged to continue supporting the La
Solidaridad
It lasted only for a few months for its members, though patriotic, were
passive and too conservative to make the society an effective medium of
the Propaganda.
Katipunan
A secret society of radicals led by Bonifacio
Organized on the very day Rizal was deported to Dapitan.
H. Causes of the Failure of the Reform Movement
Spain was too pre-occupied with its own internal problems to give a thought to
the Colonial Problem.
The Friars were too powerful even in Spain. The Sol was counteracted by the
influential and powerful newspaper of the friars, the LA POLITICA DE ESPAÑA EN
FILIPINAS
The movement has no sufficient means to carry out their aims;
The propagandists were divided against themselves by petty jealousies.
Although the Reform Movement was a failure in the achievement of its goals, it was still a success for
its failure led to the founding of the Revolutionary Katipunan with separatist aims.
X. The Revolutionary Movement
A. The Failure of the Reform Movement
Evident when Rizal was banished to Dapitan in 1892
However, the movement continued for 4 more years until the masses led by
Bonifacio were forced to revolt against the Spaniards.
B. The Founding of the Katipunan
July 7, 1892: Azcarraga Street, Tondo (now Claro M. Recto Ave.)
Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato
Arellano and a few others decided to form an association called: KATAASTAASAN,
KAGALANGGALANG NA KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN
The men gathered around a flickering table lamp, performed the ancient blood
compact, and signed their membership papers with their own blood.
C. Katipunan Objectives
Three Fundamental Objectives of Katipunan:
POLITICAL Objective: Consisted of working for the SEPARATION of
Philippines from Spain.
MORAL Objective: revolved around the teaching of good manners,
hygiene, good morals and attacking obscurantism, religious fanaticism and
weakness of character.
CIVIC Objective: revolved around the principle of self-help and the
defense of the poor and the oppressed.
D. Membership
It was agreed to win members to the society by means of the TRIANGLE
METHOD.
This system was eventually changed on Oct. 1892 because the method was
slow and clumsy.
It was agreed upon that any member of the society could take in as many as
members he could get.
Under this new method, the number of members increased.
E. Kinds of Membership
When the Katipunan had sufficiently expanded to include more than a hundred
new members in the ranks, Bonifacio thought it convenient to divide the members into
THREE GRADES.
Grade One: Katipon
Wore a BLACK HOOD during meetings of the society.
The hood had a triangle of white ribbon inside of which were the letters
Z.Ll.B. – the Katipunan letters for A ng B (Anak ng Bayan)
Password: ANAK NG BAYAN
Grade Two: Kawal
Wore a GREEN HOOD with a triangle consisting of white lines. At the
angles of the triangle were the letters Z.Ll.B.
Suspended from the neck of the Kawal was a green ribbon with a medal
at the end, with the ancient Tagalog letter K in the middle of the medal.
Beneath the K was a crossed sword and a flag.
Password: GOMBURZA
Grade Three: Bayani
Wore a RED MASK and a sash with green borders, symbolizing courage
and hope.
The front of the mask had white borders that formed a triangle with 3K’s
arranged as if occupying the angles of a triangle.
At the latter’s base were the letters Z.Ll.B.
Password: RIZAL
The Katipon could graduate to the Kawal class if he had brought in several
members into the society.
The Kawal can become a Bayani upon election to become an officer of the
society.
For the members to recognize each other in the street, the society adopted
countersigns.
A member meeting another member places the palm of his right hand on his
chest. As he pass the other member, he close his hand, bringing the index finger and
thumb together.
F. Katipunan Codes
The Katipuneros faced many dangers, so that precautions had to be taken to
keep the society secret.
To maintain the secrets of their communication, Bonifacio made a system of
writing that would make it difficult for the Spanish authorities to decode.
G. The Flags of the Katipunan
With the Katipunan now well organized, Bonifacio turned his attention to the
symbol of its authority.
Upon his request, Benita Rodriguez, with the help of Gregoria de Jesus, made a
flag.
OFFICIAL FLAG
of the KATIPUNAN
A version of the Katipunan Flag
Owing to the lack of uniformity in the design and the use of the flag, some
generals of the revolution adopted their own design.
BONIFACIO’s FLAG
Mariano Llanera’s Flag (Llanera’s Skull)
Gen. Pio del Pilar’s Flag
H. Andres Bonifacio
The Father of the Katipunan
“Supremo” of the Katipunan
Founder and Organizer of the Katipunan
the eldest among six children- four boys and two girls.
came from a poor family in Tondo
his father (Santiago)is a pure Filipino, while her mother (Catalina) is a mestiza
with a Filipino-Chinese-Spanish descent
Supported his siblings when his parents died of tuberculosis
Jobs:
He had a beautiful penmanship and talent to make attractive posters for clothing
companies.
He helped his siblings continue to make rattan walking canes and paper fans in
the evening. He also wove hats.
He accepted odd jobs from different companies.
Great Dresser: He always wore an open coat and matched it with a necktie and
black hat.
He wasn’t a barbaric individual who put up an arms struggle because of his
violent nature as what some textbooks perceive.
had a scanty education
highly intelligent
He completed only what we call grade four. But he was far from being
uneducated.
He was a voracious reader. He read hundreds of foreign novels, books about
the French revolution, politics, law, and religion.
He was fluent enough in Spanish to translate Jose Rizal’s Mi Ultimo Adios in
Tagalog.
He also wrote the heart-stirring poem, Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa.
Humble: he knew his limitations and recognized the worth of others
Ruthless: When the society’s existence was at stake, he never hesitated to take
drastic action against anybody whom he thought would defeat the purposes for which
the Katipunan was founded.
He may have been ignorant from the point of view of the middle class, but he
succeeded where they failed.
Without him, it is extremely doubtful whether the Phil. Revolution could have
been a reality.
During his time, everybody seemed in despair and were not doing anything
about it.
Had Two Wives
MONICA
Andres’ first wife
Died of Leprosy
GREGORIA DE JESUS
Andres’ second wife
From Caloocan
LAKAMBINI of the Katipunan.
Aka Ka Oriang
Married Andres after a few months of courtship.
She also came from a poor family.
She had to stop studying just to be able to help her parents take care of her
younger siblings.
She wove and sewed textiles in their house to gain additional income.
Like her husband, she was also tough.
She became a member of the women’s chapter of the group.
She was entrusted with the crucial role of custodian of documents, a tasked
she heroically accomplished.
Knowledge of succeeding Filipino generations about Katipunan is credited to
her
She risked her life even at a time when she was pregnant.
I. Emilio Jacinto
BRAINS of the KATIPUNAN
Joined the society at age of 18, becoming the youngest member of the
Katipunan.
He became Bonifacio’s trusted friend and adviser.
He gave up his Law studies and joined the Katipunan
His intelligence was of great use to the Katipunan.
He wrote the Kartilla: the primer of the Katipunan where rules and regulations
are contained.
He edited Ang Kalayaan: Katipunan's newspaper where eople are informed
about the aims and activities of the association.
As an editor of Kalayaan, he used Marcelo H. del Pilar as his pen name.
_______œ_'Emilio's greatest poem was A La Patria, inspired by Rizal's Mi Ultimo Adios.
It was signed "Dimas-Ilaw", his other pen name.
Emilio Jacinto was wounded critically during one of the battles in Majayjay,
Laguna.
This led to his death on April 16, 1899 at the young age of 24.
J. Women’s Chapter of the Katipunan
Membership was limited only to the wives, daughters and sisters of the male
members
This is to ensure that no women of dubious character could penetrate the deep
secrets of the society
Duties:
To take in new members, male or female.
See to it that the meetings of the male members were not disturbed by surprise
raids of the authorities.
Pass and keep important documents of the association
XI. Revolution: First Phase
A. Rizal and the Revolution
Dr. Pio Valenzuela
Narcisa Rizal
B. Preparations for the Struggle
Tito Miguel and Roman Ramos
C. Discovery of the Katipunan
Diario de Manila
Apolonio dela Cruz and Roman Ramos
Honoria
Sor Teresa
Fr. Mariano Gil
D. The “Cry” of Pugadlawin
E. Reign of Terror
F. Katipunan Faction
Magdalo: Baldomero Aguinaldo
Magdiwang: Mariano Alvarez
G. Tejeros Convention
Daniel Tirona vs. Andres Bonifacio
H. 2nd Tejeros Convention
Naik Military Agreement
I. Trial and Execution of Bonifacio
Andres, Procopio and Ciriaco
Placido Martinez and Teodoro Gonzales
Guilty of treason and sedition
Gen. Mariano Noriel and Gen. Pio del Pilar
Maj. Lazaro Makapagal
May 10, 1897: Mt. Tala
J. Biak-Na-Bato Republic
“To the Brave Sons of the Philippines”
1. expulsion of the friars and the return to the Filipinos of the lands they appropriated for
themselves;
2. representation in the Spanish Cortes;
3. freedom of the press and tolerance of all religious sects;
4. equal treatment and pay for Peninsular and Insular civil servants;
5. abolition of the power of the government to banish citizens; and
6. legal equality for all persons
K. Truce of Biak-na-Bato
Pedro A. Paterno
Gov. Gen. Primo de Rivera
Provisions:
o That Aguinaldo and his companions go into voluntary exile abroad
o That Primo de Rivera would pay P800,000 to the rebels in three installments:
o P400,000: Aguinaldo upon his departure from Biak-na-Bato
o P200,000: when the arms surrendered by the revolutionists exceeded 700
o P200,000: when the Te Deum was sung and General Amnesty was proclaimed by
the governor
o That Primo de Rivera pay an additional P900,000 to the families of the noncombatant
Filipinos who suffered during the armed conflict
Celestino Tejeiro and Ricardo Monet
Col. Miguel Primo de Rivera
L. Failure of the Truce
Gen. Francisco Makabulos of Tarlac
XII. Revolution: Second Phase
A. American Designs on the Philippines
1. Expansion of the American Navy
– To expand the navy, the Americans have to gauge war against the Spaniards.
2. Battle of Manila Bay
– The naval battle was one-sided because while it is true that the Spanish ships
outnumbered those of the Americans, they were poorly armed. Thus, Spain lost the
battle.
B. Aguinaldo
While in Hong Kong, he deposited the P400,000 given to him in 2 Hong Kong Banks.
Only the interest was withdrawn and used for the expenses of the exiles.
After the Battle of Manila Bay, he felt that there was an opportunity to oust the Spaniards
from the Philippines.
But there was a division in the ranks of the exiles, for ISABELO ARTACHO wanted the
P400,000 to be divided among them and sued Aguinaldo in the Hong Kong Supreme
Court.
To avoid appearing in court, Aguinaldo, accompanied by Gregorio del Pilar and J. Leyba,
secretly left for Singapore.
C. Aguinaldo and E. Spencer Pratt
Pratt persuaded Aguinaldo to take his lot to the Americans:
“You need not have any worry about America. The American Congress and President
have just made a solemn declaration disclaiming any desire to possess Cuba and
promising to leave the country to the Cubans after having driven away the Spaniards and
pacified the county. Cuba is at our door, while the Philippines is 10,000 miles away!
D. Aguinaldo Returns
Aguinaldo arrived in Cavite with the war materials he had brought from Hong
Kong.
The Renewal of the Struggle began after he issued a proclamation urging the
people to rally once more to the Filipino flag in the struggle against the Spaniards.
His return was demoralizing for the Spaniards.
E. The Siege of Manila
Intramuros (Walled City)
– The place where thousands of Spaniards have sought refuge.
– Aguinaldo and his men besiege the city in an attempt to starve out the enemy
within its walls.
– They surrounded the city and cut off the city’s food and water supply. This made
the people in the city, Spaniards, Filipinos and aliens, suffer from hunger and thirst.
– It was only a matter of weeks before the Spanish authorities would surrender to
Aguinaldo.
– Aguinaldo offered Gov. Gen. Augustin honorable surrender but he refused for in
Spanish code of honor, the word surrender was non-existent.
– With this refusal, Aguinaldo and his men continued the siege.
F. The Spanish-American Secret Agreement
George Dewey, thought that the surrender of Manila could be affected without
the use of arms.
He started negotiations with Augustin, through the Belgian consul, Andre,
regarding the surrender of Manila.
But when the Peninsular Government heard of Augustin’s plan for surrender, he
was relieved as governor and was replaced by General FERMIN JAUDENES.
Jaudenes, like Augustin, believed that the Spanish position was hopeless and to
save face, he insisted that to satisfy the Spanish code of honor, a MOCK BATTLE should
happen after which, the Spanish forces would surrender.
It was stipulated that Filipino rebels should be excluded and should not be
allowed to enter the city
G. The Mock Battle of Manila
There was a short display of fireworks on the side of the enemies.
The Spaniards hoisted the white flag of surrender.
This signaled the “fall” of Manila and the end of the Spanish Colonial Period.
H. Malolos Republic
First Philippine Republic
The First Republic in Asia
June 12, 1898: Declaration of Independence
Malolos Congress
Malolos Constitution
I. Treaty of Paris
December 10, 1898 the Treaty of Paris was signed.
It provided that Spain would cede the Philippines to United States.
In return, Spain would receive $20,000,000 from the US as payment for the
improvement made in the colony.
US also agreed to give Spaniards the right to ship commodities to the
Philippines for a period of 10 years.
This signaled the start of American Colonization in the Philippines.
XIII. The Filipino-American Hostilities: Fil-Am Relations After
the Treaty of Paris
A. Treaty of Paris
When the Treaty was signed without even consulting the Filipino people and
their representatives, the Filipino-American Alliance that was forced under the pressure of
necessity gave way to mutual hostility.
B. American Interest in the Philippines
Expansion of the navy;
To have a territory in Asia as a military and naval base;
American economic interests who were thinking of expanding American business in the
Orient;
Religious interests who wanted the Philippines as a base of operations for American
Protestant missionaries.
It was evident that from the outset, the Americans never really intended to help the
Filipinos win their independence from Spain, for had it been otherwise, they would not have
sent successive reinforcements to the Philippines.
C. Benevolent Assimilation
This proclamation was issued by President William McKinley on December 21, 1898.
This was the first indication of American policy regarding the Philippines.
It expressly indicated the intention of the US to stay in the Philippines by exercising the
right of sovereignty over the Filipinos.
D. San Juan Bridge Incident
Private Willie W. Grayson and Filipino troops
Without attempting to find out the cause of firing, Mac Arthur issued his order to advance
against the Filipino troops.
The Filipino-American armed clash was on.
E. American Victories
Luzon and Visayas conquests
Mindanao Pacification
– BATES TREATY
• Gen. John C. Bates is appointed to negotiate a treaty with the Sultan by which
Muslims and Americans could co-exist peacefully.
• There was no attempt on the part of the Americans to conquer the Muslims for
they know that they would have a big fight on their hands if they made such an
attempt.
• The treaty provided:
1. The acknowledgment of the sovereignty of US over the whole of Jolo
and its dependencies;
2. The respecting of the rights and dignities of the Sultan and his datus;
3. The Muslims shall not be interpreted with on account of their religion;
4. No one shall be persecuted on account of his religious beliefs;
5. The domestic products of Jolo, when carried on by the Sultan and
his people within any part of the Philippine Islands, and when conducted
under the American flag, shall be free, unlimited and undutiable;
6. The American Government will pay the Sultan and his leading men
monthly salaries in Mexican dollars.
• With the conclusion of the Treaty, the Americans succeeded in neutralizing the
Muslims in their drive to pacify the Christian Filipinos.
• Afterwards, the Americans continued on their plight to look for Aguinaldo.
F. Battle of Pasong Tirad
Gen. Gregorio del Pilar
– The rear guard commander of Aguinaldo
– In their flight to the north, he noted the advantageous terrain of Pasong Tirad.
– He then suggested that in order to halt the Americans temporarily, he would stay
behind and make a last stand at the Pass.
– This will delay the Americans and give Aguinaldo sufficient time to widen the
distance between him and the pursuing enemy.
Pasong Tirad
– 4500 feet high and commanded a good view for miles around
– The trail leading to it was so narrow that only one man at a time could climb up
the hill
– From atop the Pass, the Filipino defenders forced at the advancing enemy, who
had not so far pinpointed the exact position of the Filipinos.
– Through JANUARIO GALUT, a Christian Igorot, the Americans found a secret
trail to the top and using it to advantage surprised Del Pilar and his men.
– In a matter of minutes, the Filipino defenders were overcome by the enemy.
Even after such heroic act, Aguinaldo was eventually captured by the Americans.
G. Barbarous Acts
In an event such as war, brutality was used as an instrument to weaken an enemy’s
resistance.
Both the Filipinos and Americans employed Barbaric Acts to intimidate their enemies.
Americans
• Water Cure
• Rope Cure
• Beating up of captives until he becomes blue
• Hanging by the neck in a period of 10 seconds causing the victims to suffer
bodily pains.
• Arson: burning whole towns in order to force the guerillas to come to the open
Filipinos
• Cutting of the noses and ears of their enemies and seasoning the wounds with
salt
• Burying the enemies alive
• Kicking, slapping, spitting at the faces of American prisoners were commonly
done
H. End of Resistance
The capture of Aguinaldo ended an era and at the same time opened another.
Behind him, Aguinaldo left the ashes of a past that became embedded in the memory, as
the fanatical struggle of an enslaved people to win freedom and independence through
blood and tears.
I. Historical Values
The bloody history of our fight for independence teaches us the following lessons:
– The Filipinos should be proud that the first independent republic in Asia by
Asians was established by Aguinaldo in the Philippines from 1898 to 1901. At that
time, the other Asian countries were either Western colonies are kingdoms ruled by
kings and emperors;
– The Filipinos are brave and sturdy people who will fight for their rights and
independence even if they lose;
– The Filipinos lost the Filipino-American War because they were not united and
they had inferior weapons;
– Like all wars, The Fil-Am War was very bloody and expensive.
• The Americans sent 126,248 troops, of whom 4,234 died. They spent a
vast sum of $16,000;
• Veterans died in Action;
• 200,000 civilians died of starvation or diseases;
• Property worth billions of pesos was damaged.
– We should remember and honor President Aguinaldo and other heroes of this
era. Although they lost the war, they fought with courage and honor. These veterans of
the revolution were the real founding fathers of our independence.
XIV. Compromise with Colonialism
A. Filipino Elites
Natural fear of losing the security of their interests
Basic orientation of the elite
B. Increase in Filipino Participation
Political Change in the US
Republican ~ Democratic
Woodrow Wilson
Francis Burton Harrison
“Rapid Filipinization”
Jones Law of 1916
1901: Cayetano Arellano
C. Limits to Filipinization
Confinement to the Elite
Qualifications for Elections
1. able to read and write
2. must be property owners
3. government employees during the Spanish period
Economic Limitations
Treaty of Paris (1899-1909)
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act (1909)
Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act (1913)
Tydings-McDuffie Law (1934)
D. Democracy Filipino Style
XV. The Campaign for Independence
A. Commission of Independence
Purpose : to study all matters related to the negotiation and organization of the independence
of the Philippines
B. Independence Missions
OS-ROX Mission (1931-1933)
Succeeded in securing the passage of an independence bill (Hare-Hawes-Cutting
Act)
Ten year COMMONWEALTH government
XVI. Results of the American Occupation
A. Positive Results:
1. Progress in Education
University of the Philippines (1908)
English
2. Bureau of Public Health and Welfare
3. Political Consciousness
B. Negative Results:
4. Colonial Mentality
5. American Dependence
XVII. The Japanese Occupation
A. World War II
Tripartite Alliance
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Europe First Policy
B. Japanese in the Philippines
Puppet Government
“Mickey Mouse” Money
5 Mortal Enemies
1. Japanese Military
2. Diseases
3. Guerillas
4. Hunger
5. Japanese-Paid Filipino Spies
XVIII. The Liberation
A. Guerilla Warfare
Ex. HUKBALAHAP (Luis Taruc)
3 important functions:
1. ambush or kill enemy soldiers and civilians;
2. to relay important intelligence reports to Mac Arthur in Australia;
3. liquidate spies and Japanese sympathizers
B. Government in Exile
C. Leyte Landings
D. End of War
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Unconditional Surrender
USS Missouri (September 2, 1945)
C. Nature of the Reform Movement
The reformists (propagandists) believed in the power of words and not of the
sword to achieve their purpose
There was NO clamor for independence; the reformists believed that the
Filipinos would be better off if they were to become Spanish Citizens.
As Spanish Citizens:
1. Representation in the Spanish Cortes: Filipinos could propose and participate
in the approval of laws beneficial to the country.
2. Immunity from abuses
3. Freedom from paying unreasonable taxes.
D. The Great Reformists
Only a few of the sons of the wealthy Filipinos that went to Spain joined the
Propaganda Movement
They were those who were concerned of their country
Graciano Lopez-Jaena
The GREAT ORATOR
Wrote FRAY BOTOD which deals with the ignorance, abuses and immorality of a
friar named Botod
Founded the La Solidaridad (Sol)
Marcelo Hilario del Pilar
The Political Analyst of the Filipino Colony in Spain
Founded the Diariong Tagalog
Dec. 1889, he took over the editorship of the Sol and became the moving spirit
behind the Reform Movement
Dr. Jose Rizal
National Hero
Wrote his first poem at age 8
Wrote two great novels: Noli and Fili
Died as a martyr in Bagumbayan
E. La Solidaridad
The Official Organ of the Reform Movement
The paper was dedicated to:
Expose the conditions in the Philippines;
Defend the Filipinos against malicious and slanderous attacks of the hired writers
of the friars; and
Publish studies about the Philippines and the Filipinos
In writing for the Sol, the Reformists used pen names for obvious reasons:
1. JOSE RIZAL: Dimas Alang; Laong Laan
2. MARIANO PONCE: Tikbalang; Naning; Kalipulako
3. ANTONIO LUNA: Taga-ilog
4. MH del PILAR: Plaridel
5. JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN: Jomapa
Accomplishments of the Sol:
It represented the ideals of the Filipino Reformist Group;
It exposed the evils in the Philippine Society;
It belied the claim that Filipinos had no civilization before the coming of
Spaniards.
F. Hispano-Filipino Association
Composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who favored the granting of reforms in the
colony.
To make the propaganda work effective, the society was divided into 3 sections:
The POLITICAL Section under M.H. del Pilar
The LITERARY Section under Mariano Ponce
The SPORTS Section under Tomas Arejola
They believed that the reforms needed in the Philippines were:
The compulsory teaching of Spanish in all schools;
The suppression of inhuman punishment in all jails and tribunals of justice;
The establishment of a civil registrar and the register of deeds;
The abolition of unfair taxes;
The establishment of secondary schools in the archipelago;
Reforms in UST in order to raise it to the rank of the universities in Spain;
The establishment of agricultural banks;
The initiation of reforms in the public administration; and
The construction of good roads and railways.
G. La Liga Filipina
A civic society founded by Rizal
Aims:
To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous and homogenous
body;
Mutual protection in every want and necessity;
Defense against all violence and injustice;
Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and commerce;
Study and application of reforms.
At first the Liga was quite active. Bonifacio in particular exerted great efforts to
organize chapters in various districts of Manila.
A few months later, however, the Supreme Council of the Liga dissolved the
society.
The reformist leaders found out that most of the councils were no longer willing
to send funds to the Madrid propagandists
This was because they had become convinced that peaceful agitation for
reforms was futile.
The Liga membership split into two groups:
Cuerpo de Compromisarios:
the conservatives which pledged to continue supporting the La
Solidaridad
It lasted only for a few months for its members, though patriotic, were
passive and too conservative to make the society an effective medium of
the Propaganda.
Katipunan
A secret society of radicals led by Bonifacio
Organized on the very day Rizal was deported to Dapitan.
H. Causes of the Failure of the Reform Movement
Spain was too pre-occupied with its own internal problems to give a thought to
the Colonial Problem.
The Friars were too powerful even in Spain. The Sol was counteracted by the
influential and powerful newspaper of the friars, the LA POLITICA DE ESPAÑA EN
FILIPINAS
The movement has no sufficient means to carry out their aims;
The propagandists were divided against themselves by petty jealousies.
Although the Reform Movement was a failure in the achievement of its goals, it was still a success for
its failure led to the founding of the Revolutionary Katipunan with separatist aims.
X. The Revolutionary Movement
A. The Failure of the Reform Movement
Evident when Rizal was banished to Dapitan in 1892
However, the movement continued for 4 more years until the masses led by
Bonifacio were forced to revolt against the Spaniards.
B. The Founding of the Katipunan
July 7, 1892: Azcarraga Street, Tondo (now Claro M. Recto Ave.)
Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato
Arellano and a few others decided to form an association called: KATAASTAASAN,
KAGALANGGALANG NA KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN
The men gathered around a flickering table lamp, performed the ancient blood
compact, and signed their membership papers with their own blood.
C. Katipunan Objectives
Three Fundamental Objectives of Katipunan:
POLITICAL Objective: Consisted of working for the SEPARATION of
Philippines from Spain.
MORAL Objective: revolved around the teaching of good manners,
hygiene, good morals and attacking obscurantism, religious fanaticism and
weakness of character.
CIVIC Objective: revolved around the principle of self-help and the
defense of the poor and the oppressed.
D. Membership
It was agreed to win members to the society by means of the TRIANGLE
METHOD.
This system was eventually changed on Oct. 1892 because the method was
slow and clumsy.
It was agreed upon that any member of the society could take in as many as
members he could get.
Under this new method, the number of members increased.
E. Kinds of Membership
When the Katipunan had sufficiently expanded to include more than a hundred
new members in the ranks, Bonifacio thought it convenient to divide the members into
THREE GRADES.
Grade One: Katipon
Wore a BLACK HOOD during meetings of the society.
The hood had a triangle of white ribbon inside of which were the letters
Z.Ll.B. – the Katipunan letters for A ng B (Anak ng Bayan)
Password: ANAK NG BAYAN
Grade Two: Kawal
Wore a GREEN HOOD with a triangle consisting of white lines. At the
angles of the triangle were the letters Z.Ll.B.
Suspended from the neck of the Kawal was a green ribbon with a medal
at the end, with the ancient Tagalog letter K in the middle of the medal.
Beneath the K was a crossed sword and a flag.
Password: GOMBURZA
Grade Three: Bayani
Wore a RED MASK and a sash with green borders, symbolizing courage
and hope.
The front of the mask had white borders that formed a triangle with 3K’s
arranged as if occupying the angles of a triangle.
At the latter’s base were the letters Z.Ll.B.
Password: RIZAL
The Katipon could graduate to the Kawal class if he had brought in several
members into the society.
The Kawal can become a Bayani upon election to become an officer of the
society.
For the members to recognize each other in the street, the society adopted
countersigns.
A member meeting another member places the palm of his right hand on his
chest. As he pass the other member, he close his hand, bringing the index finger and
thumb together.
F. Katipunan Codes
The Katipuneros faced many dangers, so that precautions had to be taken to
keep the society secret.
To maintain the secrets of their communication, Bonifacio made a system of
writing that would make it difficult for the Spanish authorities to decode.
G. The Flags of the Katipunan
With the Katipunan now well organized, Bonifacio turned his attention to the
symbol of its authority.
Upon his request, Benita Rodriguez, with the help of Gregoria de Jesus, made a
flag.
OFFICIAL FLAG
of the KATIPUNAN
A version of the Katipunan Flag
Owing to the lack of uniformity in the design and the use of the flag, some
generals of the revolution adopted their own design.
BONIFACIO’s FLAG
Mariano Llanera’s Flag (Llanera’s Skull)
Gen. Pio del Pilar’s Flag
H. Andres Bonifacio
The Father of the Katipunan
“Supremo” of the Katipunan
Founder and Organizer of the Katipunan
the eldest among six children- four boys and two girls.
came from a poor family in Tondo
his father (Santiago)is a pure Filipino, while her mother (Catalina) is a mestiza
with a Filipino-Chinese-Spanish descent
Supported his siblings when his parents died of tuberculosis
Jobs:
He had a beautiful penmanship and talent to make attractive posters for clothing
companies.
He helped his siblings continue to make rattan walking canes and paper fans in
the evening. He also wove hats.
He accepted odd jobs from different companies.
Great Dresser: He always wore an open coat and matched it with a necktie and
black hat.
He wasn’t a barbaric individual who put up an arms struggle because of his
violent nature as what some textbooks perceive.
had a scanty education
highly intelligent
He completed only what we call grade four. But he was far from being
uneducated.
He was a voracious reader. He read hundreds of foreign novels, books about
the French revolution, politics, law, and religion.
He was fluent enough in Spanish to translate Jose Rizal’s Mi Ultimo Adios in
Tagalog.
He also wrote the heart-stirring poem, Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa.
Humble: he knew his limitations and recognized the worth of others
Ruthless: When the society’s existence was at stake, he never hesitated to take
drastic action against anybody whom he thought would defeat the purposes for which
the Katipunan was founded.
He may have been ignorant from the point of view of the middle class, but he
succeeded where they failed.
Without him, it is extremely doubtful whether the Phil. Revolution could have
been a reality.
During his time, everybody seemed in despair and were not doing anything
about it.
Had Two Wives
MONICA
Andres’ first wife
Died of Leprosy
GREGORIA DE JESUS
Andres’ second wife
From Caloocan
LAKAMBINI of the Katipunan.
Aka Ka Oriang
Married Andres after a few months of courtship.
She also came from a poor family.
She had to stop studying just to be able to help her parents take care of her
younger siblings.
She wove and sewed textiles in their house to gain additional income.
Like her husband, she was also tough.
She became a member of the women’s chapter of the group.
She was entrusted with the crucial role of custodian of documents, a tasked
she heroically accomplished.
Knowledge of succeeding Filipino generations about Katipunan is credited to
her
She risked her life even at a time when she was pregnant.
I. Emilio Jacinto
BRAINS of the KATIPUNAN
Joined the society at age of 18, becoming the youngest member of the
Katipunan.
He became Bonifacio’s trusted friend and adviser.
He gave up his Law studies and joined the Katipunan
His intelligence was of great use to the Katipunan.
He wrote the Kartilla: the primer of the Katipunan where rules and regulations
are contained.
He edited Ang Kalayaan: Katipunan's newspaper where eople are informed
about the aims and activities of the association.
As an editor of Kalayaan, he used Marcelo H. del Pilar as his pen name.
_______œ_'Emilio's greatest poem was A La Patria, inspired by Rizal's Mi Ultimo Adios.
It was signed "Dimas-Ilaw", his other pen name.
Emilio Jacinto was wounded critically during one of the battles in Majayjay,
Laguna.
This led to his death on April 16, 1899 at the young age of 24.
J. Women’s Chapter of the Katipunan
Membership was limited only to the wives, daughters and sisters of the male
members
This is to ensure that no women of dubious character could penetrate the deep
secrets of the society
Duties:
To take in new members, male or female.
See to it that the meetings of the male members were not disturbed by surprise
raids of the authorities.
Pass and keep important documents of the association
XI. Revolution: First Phase
A. Rizal and the Revolution
Dr. Pio Valenzuela
Narcisa Rizal
B. Preparations for the Struggle
Tito Miguel and Roman Ramos
C. Discovery of the Katipunan
Diario de Manila
Apolonio dela Cruz and Roman Ramos
Honoria
Sor Teresa
Fr. Mariano Gil
D. The “Cry” of Pugadlawin
E. Reign of Terror
F. Katipunan Faction
Magdalo: Baldomero Aguinaldo
Magdiwang: Mariano Alvarez
G. Tejeros Convention
Daniel Tirona vs. Andres Bonifacio
H. 2nd Tejeros Convention
Naik Military Agreement
I. Trial and Execution of Bonifacio
Andres, Procopio and Ciriaco
Placido Martinez and Teodoro Gonzales
Guilty of treason and sedition
Gen. Mariano Noriel and Gen. Pio del Pilar
Maj. Lazaro Makapagal
May 10, 1897: Mt. Tala
J. Biak-Na-Bato Republic
“To the Brave Sons of the Philippines”
1. expulsion of the friars and the return to the Filipinos of the lands they appropriated for
themselves;
2. representation in the Spanish Cortes;
3. freedom of the press and tolerance of all religious sects;
4. equal treatment and pay for Peninsular and Insular civil servants;
5. abolition of the power of the government to banish citizens; and
6. legal equality for all persons
K. Truce of Biak-na-Bato
Pedro A. Paterno
Gov. Gen. Primo de Rivera
Provisions:
o That Aguinaldo and his companions go into voluntary exile abroad
o That Primo de Rivera would pay P800,000 to the rebels in three installments:
o P400,000: Aguinaldo upon his departure from Biak-na-Bato
o P200,000: when the arms surrendered by the revolutionists exceeded 700
o P200,000: when the Te Deum was sung and General Amnesty was proclaimed by
the governor
o That Primo de Rivera pay an additional P900,000 to the families of the noncombatant
Filipinos who suffered during the armed conflict
Celestino Tejeiro and Ricardo Monet
Col. Miguel Primo de Rivera
L. Failure of the Truce
Gen. Francisco Makabulos of Tarlac
XII. Revolution: Second Phase
A. American Designs on the Philippines
1. Expansion of the American Navy
– To expand the navy, the Americans have to gauge war against the Spaniards.
2. Battle of Manila Bay
– The naval battle was one-sided because while it is true that the Spanish ships
outnumbered those of the Americans, they were poorly armed. Thus, Spain lost the
battle.
B. Aguinaldo
While in Hong Kong, he deposited the P400,000 given to him in 2 Hong Kong Banks.
Only the interest was withdrawn and used for the expenses of the exiles.
After the Battle of Manila Bay, he felt that there was an opportunity to oust the Spaniards
from the Philippines.
But there was a division in the ranks of the exiles, for ISABELO ARTACHO wanted the
P400,000 to be divided among them and sued Aguinaldo in the Hong Kong Supreme
Court.
To avoid appearing in court, Aguinaldo, accompanied by Gregorio del Pilar and J. Leyba,
secretly left for Singapore.
C. Aguinaldo and E. Spencer Pratt
Pratt persuaded Aguinaldo to take his lot to the Americans:
“You need not have any worry about America. The American Congress and President
have just made a solemn declaration disclaiming any desire to possess Cuba and
promising to leave the country to the Cubans after having driven away the Spaniards and
pacified the county. Cuba is at our door, while the Philippines is 10,000 miles away!
D. Aguinaldo Returns
Aguinaldo arrived in Cavite with the war materials he had brought from Hong
Kong.
The Renewal of the Struggle began after he issued a proclamation urging the
people to rally once more to the Filipino flag in the struggle against the Spaniards.
His return was demoralizing for the Spaniards.
E. The Siege of Manila
Intramuros (Walled City)
– The place where thousands of Spaniards have sought refuge.
– Aguinaldo and his men besiege the city in an attempt to starve out the enemy
within its walls.
– They surrounded the city and cut off the city’s food and water supply. This made
the people in the city, Spaniards, Filipinos and aliens, suffer from hunger and thirst.
– It was only a matter of weeks before the Spanish authorities would surrender to
Aguinaldo.
– Aguinaldo offered Gov. Gen. Augustin honorable surrender but he refused for in
Spanish code of honor, the word surrender was non-existent.
– With this refusal, Aguinaldo and his men continued the siege.
F. The Spanish-American Secret Agreement
George Dewey, thought that the surrender of Manila could be affected without
the use of arms.
He started negotiations with Augustin, through the Belgian consul, Andre,
regarding the surrender of Manila.
But when the Peninsular Government heard of Augustin’s plan for surrender, he
was relieved as governor and was replaced by General FERMIN JAUDENES.
Jaudenes, like Augustin, believed that the Spanish position was hopeless and to
save face, he insisted that to satisfy the Spanish code of honor, a MOCK BATTLE should
happen after which, the Spanish forces would surrender.
It was stipulated that Filipino rebels should be excluded and should not be
allowed to enter the city
G. The Mock Battle of Manila
There was a short display of fireworks on the side of the enemies.
The Spaniards hoisted the white flag of surrender.
This signaled the “fall” of Manila and the end of the Spanish Colonial Period.
H. Malolos Republic
First Philippine Republic
The First Republic in Asia
June 12, 1898: Declaration of Independence
Malolos Congress
Malolos Constitution
I. Treaty of Paris
December 10, 1898 the Treaty of Paris was signed.
It provided that Spain would cede the Philippines to United States.
In return, Spain would receive $20,000,000 from the US as payment for the
improvement made in the colony.
US also agreed to give Spaniards the right to ship commodities to the
Philippines for a period of 10 years.
This signaled the start of American Colonization in the Philippines.
XIII. The Filipino-American Hostilities: Fil-Am Relations After
the Treaty of Paris
A. Treaty of Paris
When the Treaty was signed without even consulting the Filipino people and
their representatives, the Filipino-American Alliance that was forced under the pressure of
necessity gave way to mutual hostility.
B. American Interest in the Philippines
Expansion of the navy;
To have a territory in Asia as a military and naval base;
American economic interests who were thinking of expanding American business in the
Orient;
Religious interests who wanted the Philippines as a base of operations for American
Protestant missionaries.
It was evident that from the outset, the Americans never really intended to help the
Filipinos win their independence from Spain, for had it been otherwise, they would not have
sent successive reinforcements to the Philippines.
C. Benevolent Assimilation
This proclamation was issued by President William McKinley on December 21, 1898.
This was the first indication of American policy regarding the Philippines.
It expressly indicated the intention of the US to stay in the Philippines by exercising the
right of sovereignty over the Filipinos.
D. San Juan Bridge Incident
Private Willie W. Grayson and Filipino troops
Without attempting to find out the cause of firing, Mac Arthur issued his order to advance
against the Filipino troops.
The Filipino-American armed clash was on.
E. American Victories
Luzon and Visayas conquests
Mindanao Pacification
– BATES TREATY
• Gen. John C. Bates is appointed to negotiate a treaty with the Sultan by which
Muslims and Americans could co-exist peacefully.
• There was no attempt on the part of the Americans to conquer the Muslims for
they know that they would have a big fight on their hands if they made such an
attempt.
• The treaty provided:
1. The acknowledgment of the sovereignty of US over the whole of Jolo
and its dependencies;
2. The respecting of the rights and dignities of the Sultan and his datus;
3. The Muslims shall not be interpreted with on account of their religion;
4. No one shall be persecuted on account of his religious beliefs;
5. The domestic products of Jolo, when carried on by the Sultan and
his people within any part of the Philippine Islands, and when conducted
under the American flag, shall be free, unlimited and undutiable;
6. The American Government will pay the Sultan and his leading men
monthly salaries in Mexican dollars.
• With the conclusion of the Treaty, the Americans succeeded in neutralizing the
Muslims in their drive to pacify the Christian Filipinos.
• Afterwards, the Americans continued on their plight to look for Aguinaldo.
F. Battle of Pasong Tirad
Gen. Gregorio del Pilar
– The rear guard commander of Aguinaldo
– In their flight to the north, he noted the advantageous terrain of Pasong Tirad.
– He then suggested that in order to halt the Americans temporarily, he would stay
behind and make a last stand at the Pass.
– This will delay the Americans and give Aguinaldo sufficient time to widen the
distance between him and the pursuing enemy.
Pasong Tirad
– 4500 feet high and commanded a good view for miles around
– The trail leading to it was so narrow that only one man at a time could climb up
the hill
– From atop the Pass, the Filipino defenders forced at the advancing enemy, who
had not so far pinpointed the exact position of the Filipinos.
– Through JANUARIO GALUT, a Christian Igorot, the Americans found a secret
trail to the top and using it to advantage surprised Del Pilar and his men.
– In a matter of minutes, the Filipino defenders were overcome by the enemy.
Even after such heroic act, Aguinaldo was eventually captured by the Americans.
G. Barbarous Acts
In an event such as war, brutality was used as an instrument to weaken an enemy’s
resistance.
Both the Filipinos and Americans employed Barbaric Acts to intimidate their enemies.
Americans
• Water Cure
• Rope Cure
• Beating up of captives until he becomes blue
• Hanging by the neck in a period of 10 seconds causing the victims to suffer
bodily pains.
• Arson: burning whole towns in order to force the guerillas to come to the open
Filipinos
• Cutting of the noses and ears of their enemies and seasoning the wounds with
salt
• Burying the enemies alive
• Kicking, slapping, spitting at the faces of American prisoners were commonly
done
H. End of Resistance
The capture of Aguinaldo ended an era and at the same time opened another.
Behind him, Aguinaldo left the ashes of a past that became embedded in the memory, as
the fanatical struggle of an enslaved people to win freedom and independence through
blood and tears.
I. Historical Values
The bloody history of our fight for independence teaches us the following lessons:
– The Filipinos should be proud that the first independent republic in Asia by
Asians was established by Aguinaldo in the Philippines from 1898 to 1901. At that
time, the other Asian countries were either Western colonies are kingdoms ruled by
kings and emperors;
– The Filipinos are brave and sturdy people who will fight for their rights and
independence even if they lose;
– The Filipinos lost the Filipino-American War because they were not united and
they had inferior weapons;
– Like all wars, The Fil-Am War was very bloody and expensive.
• The Americans sent 126,248 troops, of whom 4,234 died. They spent a
vast sum of $16,000;
• Veterans died in Action;
• 200,000 civilians died of starvation or diseases;
• Property worth billions of pesos was damaged.
– We should remember and honor President Aguinaldo and other heroes of this
era. Although they lost the war, they fought with courage and honor. These veterans of
the revolution were the real founding fathers of our independence.
XIV. Compromise with Colonialism
A. Filipino Elites
Natural fear of losing the security of their interests
Basic orientation of the elite
B. Increase in Filipino Participation
Political Change in the US
Republican ~ Democratic
Woodrow Wilson
Francis Burton Harrison
“Rapid Filipinization”
Jones Law of 1916
1901: Cayetano Arellano
C. Limits to Filipinization
Confinement to the Elite
Qualifications for Elections
1. able to read and write
2. must be property owners
3. government employees during the Spanish period
Economic Limitations
Treaty of Paris (1899-1909)
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act (1909)
Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act (1913)
Tydings-McDuffie Law (1934)
D. Democracy Filipino Style
XV. The Campaign for Independence
A. Commission of Independence
Purpose : to study all matters related to the negotiation and organization of the independence
of the Philippines
B. Independence Missions
OS-ROX Mission (1931-1933)
Succeeded in securing the passage of an independence bill (Hare-Hawes-Cutting
Act)
Ten year COMMONWEALTH government
XVI. Results of the American Occupation
A. Positive Results:
1. Progress in Education
University of the Philippines (1908)
English
2. Bureau of Public Health and Welfare
3. Political Consciousness
B. Negative Results:
4. Colonial Mentality
5. American Dependence
XVII. The Japanese Occupation
A. World War II
Tripartite Alliance
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Europe First Policy
B. Japanese in the Philippines
Puppet Government
“Mickey Mouse” Money
5 Mortal Enemies
1. Japanese Military
2. Diseases
3. Guerillas
4. Hunger
5. Japanese-Paid Filipino Spies
XVIII. The Liberation
A. Guerilla Warfare
Ex. HUKBALAHAP (Luis Taruc)
3 important functions:
1. ambush or kill enemy soldiers and civilians;
2. to relay important intelligence reports to Mac Arthur in Australia;
3. liquidate spies and Japanese sympathizers
B. Government in Exile
C. Leyte Landings
D. End of War
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Unconditional Surrender
USS Missouri (September 2, 1945)
Wednesday, July 25, 2012
Bettina's Rizal Project
took the liberty of posting one of my student's project. now i have to ask her more about rizal's first love. read on and find out why. :)
Bettina
Sunday, July 22, 2012
Philippine history Yoyoy Villame
i remember the songs of yoyoy villame because of their novelty, but more than that the song regarding philippine history is a good material for philippine history subject.
Monday, July 16, 2012
Wednesday, July 11, 2012
PP shorts
For my students who are wondering what the PP shorts is all about, pictures below should give you a hint as to why it is called that way....
Wednesday, July 4, 2012
Monday, July 2, 2012
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