My lecture notes and other files: October 2010

VIII. From Indio to Filipino: The Rise of Filipino Nationalism
A. Categories of Revolts
1. Personal Motives:
a. Political led by former Datus
b. Religious led by Babaylans
2. Resistance to oppressive Spanish-introduced economic as well as religious institutions
3. Mindanao Resisitance
a. Moro Wars (1718-1762; 1850-1878)
B. Failure of Revolts
1. Insular Makeup of the Philippines
 No Sense of National Unity
 Communication Gap (No Lingua Franca)
2. Inferior Weapons/ Lack of Weapons
C. Filipino Nationalism: Accelerators
1. The Philippines in World Commerce
2. Rise of Class Media
3. European Liberalism and Carlos Maria de la Torre
4. Racial Discrimination
5. Regular-Secular Conflicts ~ Cavite Mutiny
IX. The Reform Movement
A. Filipino Middle Class
 Rose to a position of power in the Filipino Community
 Spanish authorities looked down upon them
 The “natives”, on the other hand, looked at them with suspicion
 They were looking for a place in the sun
B. Assimilation accomplished in a peaceful manner
C. Nature of the Reform Movement
 The reformists (propagandists) believed in the power of words and not of the sword to achieve their purpose
 There was NO clamor for independence; the reformists believed that the Filipinos would be better off if they were to become Spanish Citizens.
 As Spanish Citizens:
1. Representation in the Spanish Cortes: Filipinos could propose and participate in the approval of laws beneficial to the country.
2. Immunity from abuses
3. Freedom from paying unreasonable taxes.
D. The Great Reformists
 Only a few of the sons of the wealthy Filipinos that went to Spain joined the Propaganda Movement
 They were those who were concerned of their country
 Graciano Lopez-Jaena
 The GREAT ORATOR
 Wrote FRAY BOTOD which deals with the ignorance, abuses and immorality of a friar named Botod
 Founded the La Solidaridad (Sol)
 Marcelo Hilario del Pilar
 The Political Analyst of the Filipino Colony in Spain
 Founded the Diariong Tagalog
 Dec. 1889, he took over the editorship of the Sol and became the moving spirit behind the Reform Movement
 Dr. Jose Rizal
 National Hero
 Wrote his first poem at age 8
 Wrote two great novels: Noli and Fili
 Died as a martyr in Bagumbayan

E. La Solidaridad
 The Official Organ of the Reform Movement
 The paper was dedicated to:
 Expose the conditions in the Philippines;
 Defend the Filipinos against malicious and slanderous attacks of the hired writers of the friars; and
 Publish studies about the Philippines and the Filipinos
 In writing for the Sol, the Reformists used pen names for obvious reasons:
1. JOSE RIZAL: Dimas Alang; Laong Laan
2. MARIANO PONCE: Tikbalang; Naning; Kalipulako
3. ANTONIO LUNA: Taga-ilog
4. MH del PILAR: Plaridel
5. JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN: Jomapa
 Accomplishments of the Sol:
 It represented the ideals of the Filipino Reformist Group;
 It exposed the evils in the Philippine Society;
 It belied the claim that Filipinos had no civilization before the coming of Spaniards.
F. Hispano-Filipino Association
 Composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who favored the granting of reforms in the colony.
 To make the propaganda work effective, the society was divided into 3 sections:
 The POLITICAL Section under M.H. del Pilar
 The LITERARY Section under Mariano Ponce
 The SPORTS Section under Tomas Arejola
 They believed that the reforms needed in the Philippines were:
 The compulsory teaching of Spanish in all schools;
 The suppression of inhuman punishment in all jails and tribunals of justice;
 The establishment of a civil registrar and the register of deeds;
 The abolition of unfair taxes;
 The establishment of secondary schools in the archipelago;
 Reforms in UST in order to raise it to the rank of the universities in Spain;
 The establishment of agricultural banks;
 The initiation of reforms in the public administration; and
 The construction of good roads and railways.
G. La Liga Filipina
 A civic society founded by Rizal
 Aims:
 To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous and homogenous body;
 Mutual protection in every want and necessity;
 Defense against all violence and injustice;
 Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and commerce;
 Study and application of reforms.
 At first the Liga was quite active. Bonifacio in particular exerted great efforts to organize chapters in various districts of Manila.
 A few months later, however, the Supreme Council of the Liga dissolved the society.
 The reformist leaders found out that most of the councils were no longer willing to send funds to the Madrid propagandists
 This was because they had become convinced that peaceful agitation for reforms was futile.
 The Liga membership split into two groups:
 Cuerpo de Compromisarios:
 the conservatives which pledged to continue supporting the La Solidaridad
 It lasted only for a few months for its members, though patriotic, were passive and too conservative to make the society an effective medium of the Propaganda.
 Katipunan
 A secret society of radicals led by Bonifacio
 Organized on the very day Rizal was deported to Dapitan.
H. Causes of the Failure of the Reform Movement
 Spain was too pre-occupied with its own internal problems to give a thought to the Colonial Problem.
 The Friars were too powerful even in Spain. The Sol was counteracted by the influential and powerful newspaper of the friars, the LA POLITICA DE ESPAÑA EN FILIPINAS
 The movement has no sufficient means to carry out their aims;
 The propagandists were divided against themselves by petty jealousies.

Although the Reform Movement was a failure in the achievement of its goals, it was still a success for its failure led to the founding of the Revolutionary Katipunan with separatist aims.

X. The Revolutionary Movement
A. The Failure of the Reform Movement
 Evident when Rizal was banished to Dapitan in 1892
 However, the movement continued for 4 more years until the masses led by Bonifacio were forced to revolt against the Spaniards.

B. The Founding of the Katipunan
 July 7, 1892: Azcarraga Street, Tondo (now Claro M. Recto Ave.)
 Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano and a few others decided to form an association called: KATAASTAASAN, KAGALANGGALANG NA KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN
 The men gathered around a flickering table lamp, performed the ancient blood compact, and signed their membership papers with their own blood.
C. Katipunan Objectives
 Three Fundamental Objectives of Katipunan:
 POLITICAL Objective: Consisted of working for the SEPARATION of Philippines from Spain.
 MORAL Objective: revolved around the teaching of good manners, hygiene, good morals and attacking obscurantism, religious fanaticism and weakness of character.
 CIVIC Objective: revolved around the principle of self-help and the defense of the poor and the oppressed.
D. Membership
 It was agreed to win members to the society by means of the TRIANGLE METHOD.
 This system was eventually changed on Oct. 1892 because the method was slow and clumsy.
 It was agreed upon that any member of the society could take in as many as members he could get.
 Under this new method, the number of members increased.
E. Kinds of Membership
 When the Katipunan had sufficiently expanded to include more than a hundred new members in the ranks, Bonifacio thought it convenient to divide the members into THREE GRADES.
 Grade One: Katipon
 Wore a BLACK HOOD during meetings of the society.
 The hood had a triangle of white ribbon inside of which were the letters Z.Ll.B. – the Katipunan letters for A ng B (Anak ng Bayan)
 Password: ANAK NG BAYAN
 Grade Two: Kawal
 Wore a GREEN HOOD with a triangle consisting of white lines. At the angles of the triangle were the letters Z.Ll.B.
 Suspended from the neck of the Kawal was a green ribbon with a medal at the end, with the ancient Tagalog letter K in the middle of the medal. Beneath the K was a crossed sword and a flag.
 Password: GOMBURZA
 Grade Three: Bayani
 Wore a RED MASK and a sash with green borders, symbolizing courage and hope.
 The front of the mask had white borders that formed a triangle with 3K’s arranged as if occupying the angles of a triangle.
 At the latter’s base were the letters Z.Ll.B.
 Password: RIZAL
 The Katipon could graduate to the Kawal class if he had brought in several members into the society.
 The Kawal can become a Bayani upon election to become an officer of the society.
 For the members to recognize each other in the street, the society adopted countersigns.
 A member meeting another member places the palm of his right hand on his chest. As he pass the other member, he close his hand, bringing the index finger and thumb together.
F. Katipunan Codes
 The Katipuneros faced many dangers, so that precautions had to be taken to keep the society secret.
 To maintain the secrets of their communication, Bonifacio made a system of writing that would make it difficult for the Spanish authorities to decode.
G. The Flags of the Katipunan
 With the Katipunan now well organized, Bonifacio turned his attention to the symbol of its authority.
 Upon his request, Benita Rodriguez, with the help of Gregoria de Jesus, made a flag.

OFFICIAL FLAG of the KATIPUNAN

A version of the Katipunan Flag

 Owing to the lack of uniformity in the design and the use of the flag, some generals of the revolution adopted their own design.

BONIFACIO’s FLAG

Mariano Llanera’s Flag (Llanera’s Skull)

Gen. Pio del Pilar’s Flag

H. Andres Bonifacio
 The Father of the Katipunan
 “Supremo” of the Katipunan
 Founder and Organizer of the Katipunan
 the eldest among six children- four boys and two girls.
 came from a poor family in Tondo
 his father (Santiago)is a pure Filipino, while her mother (Catalina) is a mestiza with a Filipino-Chinese-Spanish descent
 Supported his siblings when his parents died of tuberculosis
 Jobs:
 He had a beautiful penmanship and talent to make attractive posters for clothing companies.
 He helped his siblings continue to make rattan walking canes and paper fans in the evening. He also wove hats.
 He accepted odd jobs from different companies.
 Great Dresser: He always wore an open coat and matched it with a necktie and black hat.
 He wasn’t a barbaric individual who put up an arms struggle because of his violent nature as what some textbooks perceive.
 had a scanty education
 highly intelligent
 He completed only what we call grade four. But he was far from being uneducated.
 He was a voracious reader. He read hundreds of foreign novels, books about the French revolution, politics, law, and religion.
 He was fluent enough in Spanish to translate Jose Rizal’s Mi Ultimo Adios in Tagalog.
 He also wrote the heart-stirring poem, Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa.
 Humble: he knew his limitations and recognized the worth of others
 Ruthless: When the society’s existence was at stake, he never hesitated to take drastic action against anybody whom he thought would defeat the purposes for which the Katipunan was founded.
 He may have been ignorant from the point of view of the middle class, but he succeeded where they failed.
 Without him, it is extremely doubtful whether the Phil. Revolution could have been a reality.
 During his time, everybody seemed in despair and were not doing anything about it.
 Had Two Wives
 MONICA
 Andres’ first wife
 Died of Leprosy
 GREGORIA DE JESUS
 Andres’ second wife
 From Caloocan
 LAKAMBINI of the Katipunan.
 Aka Ka Oriang
 Married Andres after a few months of courtship.
 She also came from a poor family.
 She had to stop studying just to be able to help her parents take care of her younger siblings.
 She wove and sewed textiles in their house to gain additional income.
 Like her husband, she was also tough.
 She became a member of the women’s chapter of the group.
 She was entrusted with the crucial role of custodian of documents, a tasked she heroically accomplished.
 Knowledge of succeeding Filipino generations about Katipunan is credited to her
 She risked her life even at a time when she was pregnant.
I. Emilio Jacinto
 BRAINS of the KATIPUNAN
 Joined the society at age of 18, becoming the youngest member of the Katipunan.
 He became Bonifacio’s trusted friend and adviser.
 He gave up his Law studies and joined the Katipunan
 His intelligence was of great use to the Katipunan.
 He wrote the Kartilla: the primer of the Katipunan where rules and regulations are contained.
 He edited Ang Kalayaan: Katipunan's newspaper where eople are informed about the aims and activities of the association.
 As an editor of Kalayaan, he used Marcelo H. del Pilar as his pen name.
 Emilio's greatest poem was A La Patria, inspired by Rizal's Mi Ultimo Adios.
 It was signed "Dimas-Ilaw", his other pen name.
 Emilio Jacinto was wounded critically during one of the battles in Majayjay, Laguna.
 This led to his death on April 16, 1899 at the young age of 24.
J. Women’s Chapter of the Katipunan
 Membership was limited only to the wives, daughters and sisters of the male members
 This is to ensure that no women of dubious character could penetrate the deep secrets of the society
 Duties:
 To take in new members, male or female.
 See to it that the meetings of the male members were not disturbed by surprise raids of the authorities.
 Pass and keep important documents of the association

XI. Revolution: First Phase
A. Rizal and the Revolution
 Dr. Pio Valenzuela
 Narcisa Rizal
B. Preparations for the Struggle
 Tito Miguel and Roman Ramos
C. Discovery of the Katipunan
 Diario de Manila
 Apolonio dela Cruz and Roman Ramos
 Honoria
 Sor Teresa
 Fr. Mariano Gil
D. The “Cry” of Pugadlawin
E. Reign of Terror
F. Katipunan Faction
 Magdalo: Baldomero Aguinaldo
 Magdiwang: Mariano Alvarez
G. Tejeros Convention
 Daniel Tirona vs. Andres Bonifacio
H. 2nd Tejeros Convention
 Naik Military Agreement
I. Trial and Execution of Bonifacio
 Andres, Procopio and Ciriaco
 Placido Martinez and Teodoro Gonzales
 Guilty of treason and sedition
 Gen. Mariano Noriel and Gen. Pio del Pilar
 Maj. Lazaro Makapagal
 May 10, 1897: Mt. Tala
J. Biak-Na-Bato Republic
 “To the Brave Sons of the Philippines”
1. expulsion of the friars and the return to the Filipinos of the lands they appropriated for themselves;
2. representation in the Spanish Cortes;
3. freedom of the press and tolerance of all religious sects;
4. equal treatment and pay for Peninsular and Insular civil servants;
5. abolition of the power of the government to banish citizens; and
6. legal equality for all persons
K. Truce of Biak-na-Bato
 Pedro A. Paterno
 Gov. Gen. Primo de Rivera
 Provisions:
o That Aguinaldo and his companions go into voluntary exile abroad
o That Primo de Rivera would pay P800,000 to the rebels in three installments:
o P400,000: Aguinaldo upon his departure from Biak-na-Bato
o P200,000: when the arms surrendered by the revolutionists exceeded 700
o P200,000: when the Te Deum was sung and General Amnesty was proclaimed by the governor
o That Primo de Rivera pay an additional P900,000 to the families of the non-combatant Filipinos who suffered during the armed conflict
 Celestino Tejeiro and Ricardo Monet
 Col. Miguel Primo de Rivera
L. Failure of the Truce
 Gen. Francisco Makabulos of Tarlac

XII. Revolution: Second Phase
A. American Designs on the Philippines
1. Expansion of the American Navy
– To expand the navy, the Americans have to gauge war against the Spaniards.
2. Battle of Manila Bay
– The naval battle was one-sided because while it is true that the Spanish ships outnumbered those of the Americans, they were poorly armed. Thus, Spain lost the battle.

B. Aguinaldo
 While in Hong Kong, he deposited the P400,000 given to him in 2 Hong Kong Banks. Only the interest was withdrawn and used for the expenses of the exiles.
 After the Battle of Manila Bay, he felt that there was an opportunity to oust the Spaniards from the Philippines.
 But there was a division in the ranks of the exiles, for ISABELO ARTACHO wanted the P400,000 to be divided among them and sued Aguinaldo in the Hong Kong Supreme Court.
 To avoid appearing in court, Aguinaldo, accompanied by Gregorio del Pilar and J. Leyba, secretly left for Singapore.
C. Aguinaldo and E. Spencer Pratt
 Pratt persuaded Aguinaldo to take his lot to the Americans:
“You need not have any worry about America. The American Congress and President have just made a solemn declaration disclaiming any desire to possess Cuba and promising to leave the country to the Cubans after having driven away the Spaniards and pacified the county. Cuba is at our door, while the Philippines is 10,000 miles away!
D. Aguinaldo Returns
 Aguinaldo arrived in Cavite with the war materials he had brought from Hong Kong.
 The Renewal of the Struggle began after he issued a proclamation urging the people to rally once more to the Filipino flag in the struggle against the Spaniards.
 His return was demoralizing for the Spaniards.
E. The Siege of Manila
 Intramuros (Walled City)
– The place where thousands of Spaniards have sought refuge.
– Aguinaldo and his men besiege the city in an attempt to starve out the enemy within its walls.
– They surrounded the city and cut off the city’s food and water supply. This made the people in the city, Spaniards, Filipinos and aliens, suffer from hunger and thirst.
– It was only a matter of weeks before the Spanish authorities would surrender to Aguinaldo.
– Aguinaldo offered Gov. Gen. Augustin honorable surrender but he refused for in Spanish code of honor, the word surrender was non-existent.
– With this refusal, Aguinaldo and his men continued the siege.
F. The Spanish-American Secret Agreement
 George Dewey, thought that the surrender of Manila could be affected without the use of arms.
 He started negotiations with Augustin, through the Belgian consul, Andre, regarding the surrender of Manila.
 But when the Peninsular Government heard of Augustin’s plan for surrender, he was relieved as governor and was replaced by General FERMIN JAUDENES.
 Jaudenes, like Augustin, believed that the Spanish position was hopeless and to save face, he insisted that to satisfy the Spanish code of honor, a MOCK BATTLE should happen after which, the Spanish forces would surrender.
 It was stipulated that Filipino rebels should be excluded and should not be allowed to enter the city
G. The Mock Battle of Manila
 There was a short display of fireworks on the side of the enemies.
 The Spaniards hoisted the white flag of surrender.
 This signaled the “fall” of Manila and the end of the Spanish Colonial Period.
H. Malolos Republic
 First Philippine Republic
 The First Republic in Asia
 June 12, 1898: Declaration of Independence
 Malolos Congress
 Malolos Constitution
I. Treaty of Paris
 December 10, 1898 the Treaty of Paris was signed.
 It provided that Spain would cede the Philippines to United States.
 In return, Spain would receive $20,000,000 from the US as payment for the improvement made in the colony.
 US also agreed to give Spaniards the right to ship commodities to the Philippines for a period of 10 years.
 This signaled the start of American Colonization in the Philippines.

XIII. The Filipino-American Hostilities: Fil-Am Relations After the Treaty of Paris
A. Treaty of Paris
 When the Treaty was signed without even consulting the Filipino people and their representatives, the Filipino-American Alliance that was forced under the pressure of necessity gave way to mutual hostility.
B. American Interest in the Philippines
 Expansion of the navy;
 To have a territory in Asia as a military and naval base;
 American economic interests who were thinking of expanding American business in the Orient;
 Religious interests who wanted the Philippines as a base of operations for American Protestant missionaries.
 It was evident that from the outset, the Americans never really intended to help the Filipinos win their independence from Spain, for had it been otherwise, they would not have sent successive reinforcements to the Philippines.
C. Benevolent Assimilation
 This proclamation was issued by President William McKinley on December 21, 1898.
 This was the first indication of American policy regarding the Philippines.
 It expressly indicated the intention of the US to stay in the Philippines by exercising the right of sovereignty over the Filipinos.
D. San Juan Bridge Incident
 Private Willie W. Grayson and Filipino troops
 Without attempting to find out the cause of firing, Mac Arthur issued his order to advance against the Filipino troops.
 The Filipino-American armed clash was on.
E. American Victories
 Luzon and Visayas conquests
 Mindanao Pacification
– BATES TREATY
• Gen. John C. Bates is appointed to negotiate a treaty with the Sultan by which Muslims and Americans could co-exist peacefully.
• There was no attempt on the part of the Americans to conquer the Muslims for they know that they would have a big fight on their hands if they made such an attempt.
• The treaty provided:
1. The acknowledgment of the sovereignty of US over the whole of Jolo and its dependencies;
2. The respecting of the rights and dignities of the Sultan and his datus;
3. The Muslims shall not be interpreted with on account of their religion;
4. No one shall be persecuted on account of his religious beliefs;
5. The domestic products of Jolo, when carried on by the Sultan and his people within any part of the Philippine Islands, and when conducted under the American flag, shall be free, unlimited and undutiable;
6. The American Government will pay the Sultan and his leading men monthly salaries in Mexican dollars.
• With the conclusion of the Treaty, the Americans succeeded in neutralizing the Muslims in their drive to pacify the Christian Filipinos.
• Afterwards, the Americans continued on their plight to look for Aguinaldo.
F. Battle of Pasong Tirad
 Gen. Gregorio del Pilar
– The rear guard commander of Aguinaldo
– In their flight to the north, he noted the advantageous terrain of Pasong Tirad.
– He then suggested that in order to halt the Americans temporarily, he would stay behind and make a last stand at the Pass.
– This will delay the Americans and give Aguinaldo sufficient time to widen the distance between him and the pursuing enemy.
 Pasong Tirad
– 4500 feet high and commanded a good view for miles around
– The trail leading to it was so narrow that only one man at a time could climb up the hill
– From atop the Pass, the Filipino defenders forced at the advancing enemy, who had not so far pinpointed the exact position of the Filipinos.
– Through JANUARIO GALUT, a Christian Igorot, the Americans found a secret trail to the top and using it to advantage surprised Del Pilar and his men.
– In a matter of minutes, the Filipino defenders were overcome by the enemy.
 Even after such heroic act, Aguinaldo was eventually captured by the Americans.
G. Barbarous Acts
 In an event such as war, brutality was used as an instrument to weaken an enemy’s resistance.
 Both the Filipinos and Americans employed Barbaric Acts to intimidate their enemies.
 Americans
• Water Cure
• Rope Cure
• Beating up of captives until he becomes blue
• Hanging by the neck in a period of 10 seconds causing the victims to suffer bodily pains.
• Arson: burning whole towns in order to force the guerillas to come to the open
 Filipinos
• Cutting of the noses and ears of their enemies and seasoning the wounds with salt
• Burying the enemies alive
• Kicking, slapping, spitting at the faces of American prisoners were commonly done
H. End of Resistance
 The capture of Aguinaldo ended an era and at the same time opened another.
 Behind him, Aguinaldo left the ashes of a past that became embedded in the memory, as the fanatical struggle of an enslaved people to win freedom and independence through blood and tears.
I. Historical Values
 The bloody history of our fight for independence teaches us the following lessons:
– The Filipinos should be proud that the first independent republic in Asia by Asians was established by Aguinaldo in the Philippines from 1898 to 1901. At that time, the other Asian countries were either Western colonies are kingdoms ruled by kings and emperors;
– The Filipinos are brave and sturdy people who will fight for their rights and independence even if they lose;
– The Filipinos lost the Filipino-American War because they were not united and they had inferior weapons;
– Like all wars, The Fil-Am War was very bloody and expensive.
• The Americans sent 126,248 troops, of whom 4,234 died. They spent a vast sum of $16,000;
• Veterans died in Action;
• 200,000 civilians died of starvation or diseases;
• Property worth billions of pesos was damaged.
– We should remember and honor President Aguinaldo and other heroes of this era. Although they lost the war, they fought with courage and honor. These veterans of the revolution were the real founding fathers of our independence.

XIV. Compromise with Colonialism
A. Filipino Elites
 Natural fear of losing the security of their interests
 Basic orientation of the elite
B. Increase in Filipino Participation
 Political Change in the US
 Republican ~ Democratic
 Woodrow Wilson
 Francis Burton Harrison
 “Rapid Filipinization”
 Jones Law of 1916
 1901: Cayetano Arellano

C. Limits to Filipinization
 Confinement to the Elite
 Qualifications for Elections
1. able to read and write
2. must be property owners
3. government employees during the Spanish period
 Economic Limitations
 Treaty of Paris (1899-1909)
 Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act (1909)
 Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act (1913)
 Tydings-McDuffie Law (1934)
D. Democracy Filipino Style

XV. The Campaign for Independence
A. Commission of Independence
 Purpose: to study all matters related to the negotiation and organization of the independence of the Philippines
B. Independence Missions
 OS-ROX Mission (1931-1933)
 Succeeded in securing the passage of an independence bill (Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act)
 Ten year COMMONWEALTH government

XVI. Results of the American Occupation
A. Positive Results:
1. Progress in Education
 University of the Philippines (1908)
 English
2. Bureau of Public Health and Welfare
3. Political Consciousness
B. Negative Results:
4. Colonial Mentality
5. American Dependence

XVII. The Japanese Occupation
A. World War II
 Tripartite Alliance
 Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
 Europe First Policy
B. Japanese in the Philippines
 Puppet Government
 “Mickey Mouse” Money
 5 Mortal Enemies
1. Japanese Military
2. Diseases
3. Guerillas
4. Hunger
5. Japanese-Paid Filipino Spies
XVIII. The Liberation
A. Guerilla Warfare
 Ex. HUKBALAHAP (Luis Taruc)
 3 important functions:
1. ambush or kill enemy soldiers and civilians;
2. to relay important intelligence reports to Mac Arthur in Australia;
3. liquidate spies and Japanese sympathizers
B. Government in Exile
C. Leyte Landings
D. End of War
 Hiroshima and Nagasaki
 Unconditional Surrender
 USS Missouri (September 2, 1945)

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